Monday, March 11, 2013

Spanish Tenses

Spanish Tenses
Table of contents
Simple Tenses
Compound Tenses/Perfect Tenses
Present
Future
Imperfect
Preterit/Past Tense
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Future Perfect



Present Tense
Uses:       Actions happening right now
                            I speak – Yo Hablo
              Habitual actions
                            I walk 10 km every day –Yo camino 10 km todos los días
              Things happening in the near future
                            I start next week – Yo empiezo la semana que viene
Conjugations-
              To form the present tense remove the infinitive ending (-ar,-er, or –ir) and replace it with the personal ending

-ar
-er
-ir
yo
-o
-o
-o
-as
-es
-es
él/ella/usted
-a
-e
-e
Nosotros
-amos
-emos
-imos
Vosotros
-áis
- éis
- ís
Ellos/ellas/ustedes
-an
-en
-en

 Demonstration
              To speak –Hablar (remove the –ar and you are left with habl)
              Now just add the ending of your choice
              I speak-Yo hablar
              They speak-Ellos hablan

Future Tense
Uses:       Things that will/shall happen
I will go to the office tomorrow- Iré a la oficina mañana
              Uncertainty in the present
                            He must be hungry -Tendrá hambre
                            I wonder who she is?- ¿Quién será ella?
                            He is probably traveling alone.- Estará viajando solo.
               Note-Things that happen in the near future use present tense, but things that occur further in the future use future tense.
              (Present Tense) Tonight, I’m going to Spain-Esta noche voy a España.
              (Future Tense) Next year, I’m going to Spain - El año que viene iré a España.
Conjugation- Add an ending after the infinitive ending of a verb

all
yo
-ás
él/ella/usted
Nosotros
-emos
Vosotros
-éis
Ellos/ellas/ustedes
-án

Demonstration-
              I will speak – Yo hablaré
             
Imperfect Tense
Uses:
              Something that happened in the past that doesn’t have a definite beginning or end.
              Something that occured in the past habitually
                            I used to run 10 km everyday - Corría 5 km cada día
                            We would lunch together every day. - Almorzábamos juntos todos los días
                            The ladies would always chat in the mornings.- Las señoras siempre charlaban por las mañanas
              Something that happened in the past over an extended period of time or set the scene for something else.
                            I was reading when ___- Yo leía cuando ___
              Expressing time or age I the past
                            he was 3 when___ - tenía 3 años cuando___
                            it was 9 pm- era las nueve de la noche
              Describe a scene in the past
                            the palace was gorgeous - el palacio era maravilloso
Conjugations
              Drop the –ar/-er/-ir endings and add a personal ending

-ar
-er / -ir
yo
-aba
-ía
-abas
-ías
él/ella/usted
-aba
-ía
Nosotros
-ábamos
-íamos
Vosotros
-abais
-íais
Ellos/ellas/ustedes
-aban
-ían


Spanish Preterite (Past Tense)
Uses:       Actions competed in the past
              I spoke with him-yo hablé con él
              To indicate an event or action that took place while another was taking place (the other action would use imperfect)
              I was reading when my dad entered-Yo leía cuando entró mi papá. (in this example reading is in imperfect, entered is in preterit)

Conjugations:
              To form a preterit verb, drop the infinitive ending and add a personal ending

-ar
-er / -ir
yo
-aste
-iste
él/ella/usted
-ió
Nosotros
-amos
-imos
Vosotros
-asteis
-isteis
Ellos/ellas/ustedes
-aron
-ieron


Demonstration
              I lived – Yo viví
              He lived – él vivió

Compound Tenses/Perfect Tenses
Tenses that are formed with the helping vierb and the past participle of the main verb.
These are used to indicate an action or state as completed/not in progress, with respect to the present future or past.
Conjugation
1.       Use the helping verb haber formed for the appropriate tense and mood
2.       Use the masculine singular for of the past participle

-ar
-er / -ir
yo/ tú/ él/ella/usted/ Nosotros/ Vosotros/ Ellos/ellas/ustedes
-ado
-ido



Present Perfect Tense
Uses:      Indicate an action or state as having occurred and have been completed
(note unlike English it cannot be used for actions that are ongoing I have been living here for 9 years, it also cannot be used for the idea I have just___ as in I just heard the news)
We have already seen the film - Ya hemos visto la película


Conjugation
1.       Conjugate haber for present tense
2.       Use the masculine singular form of the past participle.

-ar
-er / -ir
yo
he ___- ado
he ___- ido
has ___ - ado
has ___ - ido
él/ella/usted
ha ___- ado
ha ___- ido
Nosotros
hemos ___- ado
hemos ___- ido
Vosotros
habéis ___- ado
habéis ___- ido
Ellos/ellas/ustedes
han ___- ado
han ___- ido

Examples:
              I have spoken-he hablado

Past Perfect
Uses:      An action in the past that started in the past, and was completed in the past (prior to another action)
                            John said that he had traveled to Mexico.- Juan dijo que había viajado a México.

-ar
-er / -ir
yo
había___- ado
había___- ido
habías ___ - ado
habías ___ - ido
él/ella/usted
había ___- ado
había ___- ido
Nosotros
habíamos ___- ado
habíamos ___- ido
Vosotros
habréis ___- ado
habréis ___- ido
Ellos/ellas/ustedes
habrán ___- ado
habrán ___- ido

Demonstration
              I will have spoken- había hablado

Future Perfect
Uses:      To indicate an action as having occurred and been completed in the future (We use “will have”)
                            John will have left by 8:00 - Juan habrá salido para las ocho.
              To indicate conjecture (when using words like probably)
                            That noise? It must have been the cat. -¿Ese ruido? Habrá sido el gato.

-ar
-er / -ir
yo
-ar
-er / -ir
habré
___- ado
habré
___- ido
él/ella/usted
habrás
___ - ado
Habrás
 ___ - ido
Nosotros
habrá
___- ado
habrá
___- ido
Vosotros
Habremos
___- ado
Habremos
___- ido
Ellos/ellas/ustedes
habíais
___- ado
Habíais
 ___- ido

Demonstration
              I will have spoken-habré hablado